Linux Tutorial - Software Development on Linux

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Open Source Compilers:

C, C++ and FORTRAN come with most distributions.

• For languages which compile to Java Byte Code to run in the Java JVM, see JVM Languages
• Languages which run in an interpreter, see Scripting Languages

Cross Compiling:

• Gcc cross compiling scripts - Compile for other platforms.
• Linux GCC cross compiler for Win32 target - [note on use]

Commercial Compilers:

Also see:

• YoLinux Tutorial: C++ Software Development on Linux
• YoLinux Tutorial: Mixing FORTRAN and C/C++

• C++:

  c++filt	Demangle C++ symbols
  SWIG.org	Interface compiler for wrapper routines which run from test scripts for testing "C" and "C++". Works with Perl, Python, Ruby, and Tcl and allows scripts to invoke "C" and "C++" functions, libraries, etc.
  ParaSoft C++ Test	Static source code tester and automated unit test cases.

• Parasoft C++ Test notes:
  • View command line options: cpptest -h
  • From directory in which Makefile resides:
    [user1@prompt]$ make CC="cpptest -Zms Project-Name"
    Project file: /home/user1/C++TestProj/ProjectsFiles/Project-Name.cpf
    Options:
    • cpptest -Zcpf Project-Name.cpf -Zd off
      Turning on/off dynamic analysis. (default is on)
  • Command line: cpptest -Zcpf /home/user1/C++TestProj/ProjectsFiles/Project-Name.cpf -Zd off -Zrf Proj-Output-Test-Results.txt
  • Launch GUI: c++test &

• C:

  lint	Where is it??? Try lclint
  bison	GNU Project parser generator (yacc replacement)
  pccts	Purdue Compiler-Compiler (yacc/lex combo)
  flex	fast lexical analyzer generator
  cdecl c++decl	Encoding/decoding utilities for C/C++ function declarations. Compose C and C++ type declarations.
  CScope	C source code cross referencing tool
  cxref	C source code documentation and cross referencing tool

• FORTRAN:

  f2c	Convert Fortran 77 to C or C++

• Debuggers:

  gdb [man]	GNU debugger. Command driven text/console interface. [Tutorial]
  xxgdb [xxgdb]	X window system interface to the GNU debugger
  DDD [man]	Data Display Debugger. GUI interface for gdb and dbx.
  GPS	GtkAda/GNAT Graphical IDE Debugger Interface
  KDbg	KDE Desktop Graphical GDB Debugger Interface
  RHIDE	Console mode IDE with terminal windows. For use with DJGPP and GNU compilers
  Insight	GUI interface to gdb. Works with Source-Navigator IDE
  xwpe	Borland C++ console mode IDE clone
  RogueWave TotalView	[Commercial] Specialized in debugging multi-threaded software with memory leak detection. Also MPI/OpenMP debugging facilities.

• Java:

  kaffe

  Java virtual machine

  
  For a full list of Java tools and JVMs, see the YoLinux Java Tutorial

• Source Code Documentation:

  dOxygen

  Documentation system for C++, C, Java, IDL (Corba, Microsoft, and KDE-DCOP flavors). Generates on-line documentation (in HTML) and/or an off-line reference manual (in LaTex) See YoLinux dOxygen guide

• Gnome:

  glade	Visual GUI builder to generate gtk C++ code or Gnome XML interface description to build Gnome GUI applications
  memprof	Memory Profiling Tool to profile code, look for memory leaks and monitor code execution.

  
  For more information, see the YoLinux GTK+ Tutorial

• Motif/LessTiff:

  uil	Compile Motif scripting interface (Not my 1st choice for Motif programming)
  xmbind	configures the virtual key bindings of LessTif

• General:

  make	Utility to maintain groups of programs with compiling/linker directives
  imake	Utility to generate Makefiles from a template.
  GNU autoconf	Tool used to generate configure script. Requires GNU m4.
  gHex	Binary Editor and Viewer
  beav	Binary Editor and Viewer
  od	dump files in octal and other formats. od -c will try to dump everthing as ascii.
  xxd	make a hexdump or do the reverse
  strings	Print the strings of printable characters found in a file.
  install	copy files and set attributes (ginstall)
  m4	Macro language for builing configuration files
  objdump	display assembler information from object files
  nm	display symbol table from an object file
  readelf	Displays information about ELF format object files.
  ar	Create, modify, and extract from archives
  ranlib	Generate index to archive
  ldconfig	determine run-time link bindings
  ldd	Print shared library dependencies for an executable (i.e.: ldd `which xpdf`)
  GNU libtool	Used to generate shared libraries.
  ipcs	Report interprocess communication facility status for queues, shared memory, semaphores
  iprm	Remove queues, shared memory, or semaphores

• Data Base toolkit:

  gdbm (Includes dbm and ndbm compatability.)	The GNU database manager.
  Berkeley DB	Open Source embedded database system/toolkit.
  SQLite.org	Open Source embedded database system/toolkit.

• IDE:

  Eclipse.org	IBM open source JAVA and C/C++ (with CDT plug-in) IDE. Included with FC4. Extensible IDE consortium - Borland, IBM, Red Hat, Rational. Lots of industry backing. (Open Source) Also see EclipsePluginCentral.com Plugins available for Subversion SCM, XML documents, HEX, ... Also see: YoLinux C++ Development
  Anjuta	C, C++. Written for GTK/Gnome. Solid, simple, intuitive, bug free IDE for C/C++ development on Linux. Search/Indexing, edit, compile and debug. Almost no learning curve for those familiar with IDE's.
  KDevelop.org	C++ KDE IDE
  Sun Studio	C/C++, FORTRAN IDE for Linux. (Free and supported x86 versions)
  Source Navigator	C/C++, FORTRAN, COBOL, Tcl, JAVA, asm editor, cross reference tool, class browser and IDE.
  wxStudio	C++ cross platform IDE. Written for wxWindows cross platform GUI framework.
  Moonshine	IDE built with Adobe AIR, for AS3/Flex Development.
  DiaSCE	C/C++ Gnome code editor. Integrated with Glade GTK GUI builder. (no debugging)
  Lazarus	IDE for Free Pascal (GPL'ed compiler) and class libraries which emulate Delphi.

• Commercial IDE's:

  Freescale: CodeWarrior	Code navigation, compile and compare (cross platform), GNU C++ and JAVA
  Borland: C++ Builder 5	Full IDE. Cross platform desktop apps.
  New Planet Software: Code Medic	Works with Code Crusader (strong C++) development environment and JX (X-window C++ application framework).
  C-Forge	Project management and complete edit/compile/debug cycle support. Supports CVS, SCCS, RCS, ETAGS, C/C++ and FORTRAN, Querix 4gl and eRuby, Qt Designer, WxWindows and your wheel mouse.
  Viosoft: Arriba	Embedded Software IDE. MS/Visual C++ like IDE for Linux.
  WindRiver: Workbench	C, C++ or ADA. Unix or Windows
  Aligo: Omni Mobile Platform	Mobile Java development (Cell phones/PDA's)

  
  Also see:
  • List of Linux Text Editors
  • C++ programming IDSs for Linux
  • Java programming IDSs for Linux

• Memory Debugging:

  ccmalloc	ETH Zurich: C/C++, Checks for illegal memory access and leaks. Cannot detect illegal memory reads.
  GNU Checker	Warns of using uninitialized variable or memory or unallocated memory.
  dbmalloc	C malloc, memory, string, and bstring
  dmalloc	C malloc, realloc, calloc, free. Memory-leak tracking, fence-post write detection, file/line number reporting. Portable replacement C libraries memory allocation routines with debugging and statistics gathering.
  Electric Fence	malloc() debugger. Stops program on the instruction that overruns or under-runs a malloc buffer. Catches buffer overruns by using write protected pages to guard memory. Set environment variables to control behavior. Debian install: apt-get install electric-fence Compile: gcc -g -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -lefence test.c
  fda	FDA provides a toolkit for validating pointers, checking for leaks, gathering memory statistics, bounds checking...
  Leak Tracer	C++ program for checking memory leaks.
  libcw	Full-featured debugging support library for C++ developers.
  libsafe	Detect and handle buffer overflow and format string vulnerabilities before the hackers do. (Middleware software, not compiled in)
  Valgrind MemCheck	Part of the KDE Valgrind toolset. C/C++ memory supervision. Intercepts malloc/new/free/delete. Detects memory leaks, uninitialised memory, inappropriate read/write of stack and malloc'ed blocks, some pthread errors. Valgrind modifies its object as it is running to detect memory errors. Valgrind detects memory leaks by scanning memory. Valgrind HOWTO This tool is often rated the best Open Source memory debugging tools.
  Memleak	Part or X11R6.4
  Memdebug
  MemProf	Red Hat GUI (Gtk/Gnome) tool for profiling and leak detection. Preloads it's own runtime library. Supports threaded and forked programs.
  MM	Shared memory abstraction layer library.
  mpatrol	Profile and log/trace malloc/free/new[]
  mpr	Log malloc/free calls
  NJAMD	Replaces malloc. Looks for overflows,underflows, writes to freed memory, leaks. C/C++, thread safe.
  YAMD	Yet Another Malloc Debugger: C/C++
  gcc w/ bounds checking	GCC bounds checking compiler patch. Adds the -fbounds-checking flag to gcc.
  Cacheprof	Profile/investigate cache effects in x86 programs. Works with gcc compiler: cacheprof gcc -O -o myprog myprog.c.

• Commercial Memory debugging tools:

  Aprobe	Memory and performance audits.
  RogueWave: TotalView	Memory leak detection including threaded software.
  Parasoft: Insure++	Memory corruption and memory leak error detection. C/C++
  Unicom: Purify Plus (was IBM/Rational)	Runtime memory analysis, profiling and code coverage. Memory corruption and memory leak error detection. C/C++

• Parasoft Insure++ Notes/Example:

  Configure Insure++:

  1. Add to path in .bash_profile: /opt/parasoft/Insure++/bin.linux2/cpp/
  2. turn on graphical interface:
     Add to the file /opt/parasoft/Insure++/.psrc
     

     Insure++.inuse on 
             

  Compile/run:
  1. Test with example: cd /opt/parasoft/Insure++/examples/cpp/
  2. Compile: insure -g -o leak leak.C
  3. Run: ./leak
  
  Output from run:
  

• Alternate memory functions:

  Boem Garbage Collector	A garbage collector for C and C++. Replaces malloc/new
  CSRI	(tar download)
  GNU Malloc	(tar download)
  Hoard	Memory allocator for multiprocessors. Improves multithreaded program performance on multiprocessor systems.
  Ptmalloc (GNU C library)	Malloc extended for SMP
  Quick Fix Malloc	qf.c: Optimized for low memory use and optimal allignment.
  vmalloc (Part of ast)	AT&T Labs

• Argo - GUI UML tool
• GraphViz - ATT Graph Visualization for graph layout. Used by dOxygen for class diagram annotation.
  See YoLinux C++ dOxygen tutorial
• Umbrello UML Modeller
• DIA: [DIA UML tutorial]
• DIA links/tools
• Poseidon - Written in JAVA to support all platforms including Linux. Eclipse plugin support.
• Medoosa - cpp2dia - C++ to UML
• Ameos - Native Linux UML and MDA design tool.
• BOUML - Reverse engineering.
• Topcased - model driven development
• Eclipse.org: Modeling tools (MDT): frameworks and tools for syntax development, graphical model development and model transformation (model to code).

Commercial Design Tools:

• MagicDraw
• Borland Together
• IBM/Rational Rose
• Visual-Paradigm.com: UML amd Visual Architect
  Linux community edition available.

Software Requirements Management Tools:

• aNimble - Grails/web based Requirements Management tools. Based on OSRMT. [download]
• OSRMT - Desktop GUI application
• rmtoo - Text and command line based. Generates dependency graphs and requirements docs. Rmtoo text files CM'ed with source.

• GNU gmake/make: GNU make is a build system based on the original UNIX "make" build system but with more features. Install RPM package: make. Typically for C/C++ but not language dependant
  GNU make manual
• GNU Automake: script system to generate a Makefile, typically for C/C++ projects
• cmake: generates platform dependant Makefiles
• Apache ANT: XML based build tool. Built-in support for Java
• ASDF: de facto standard build facility for Common Lisp
• Bazel: Google build tool for Android and IOS
• Buck: Facebook's build tool for C++, Go, Groovy, Haskell, Java, Lua, Python, Rust, .Net, Android and IOS
• Gradle: build tool for Groovy

• Apache Maven: XML based Java project dependancy, build, reporting and documentation tool. Supports plug-ins for additional support
• Composer: Dependency Manager for PHP
• Gems: Ruby package version and platform manager
• NPM: Node package manager for JavaScript to fulfill project dependancies
• scons: Python based, cross platform build system. (i.e. MS/Windows and Linux/Unix)
• SetupTools: Python tool to support Python project packaging (egg files). Includes easyinstallfor library management.
  PyPI
• PyPM: Active State (Python vendor) Python package manager

ALM systems integrate the software process from requirements through design, project management and task decomposition, assingment, coding, documentation, builds, testing, bug reporting all the way to requirements verification and release (or so they claim).

GNU Makefile OS dependencies:

OS = $(shell uname -s)

ifeq "$(OS)" "CYGWIN_NT-5.0"
OS_DIR    = win-i32
CC        = /usr/bin/g++
CPPFLAGS    = -g -mms-bitfields -mno-cygwin -mwindows
LDFLAGS     = -g -mms-bitfields -mno-cygwin -mwindows
AR    = /usr/bin/ar
CP    = /usr/bin/cp
MKDIR = /usr/bin/mkdir
RM    = /usr/bin/rm
ECHO  = /usr/bin/echo
TOUCH = /usr/bin/touch
endif

ifeq "$(OS)" "Linux"
OS_DIR        = linux-i32
CC = /usr/bin/g++
CPPFLAGS    = -g
LDFLAGS     = -g
AR    = /usr/bin/ar
CP    = /bin/cp
MKDIR = /bin/mkdir
RM    = /bin/rm
ECHO  = /bin/echo
TOUCH = /bin/touch
endif

ifeq "$(OS)" "SunOS"
OS_DIR        = sun-sparc
CC            = /usr/local/bin/g++
CPPFLAGS    = -g
LDFLAGS     = -g
AR    = /usr/ccs/bin/ar
CP    = /bin/cp
MKDIR = /bin/mkdir
RM    = /bin/rm
ECHO  = /bin/echo
TOUCH = /bin/touch
endif

ifeq "$(OS)" "IRIX64"
# SGI
OS_DIR=sgi-mips
CC=/usr/bin/CC
CPPFLAGS = -g -c -LANG:std -n32 -ptused
LDFLAGS = -v -g -LANG:std -n32 -ptused
AR    = /usr/bin/ar
CP    = /usr/bin/cp
MKDIR = /sbin/mkdir
RM    = /sbin/rm
ECHO  = /sbin/echo
TOUCH = /sbin/touch
endif
...

help:
        @-$(ECHO) "make all           - builds executable/library"
        @-$(ECHO) "make install       - installs components"
        @-$(ECHO) "make clean         - removes object files and executable/library"
        @-$(ECHO) "make clean_all     - removes all object files, executable/library, ..."

...

Also see YoLinux C/C++ gcc/g++ cross platform tips

• GNU:
  • Sun: configure tutorial
  • Autoconf - manual
  • Automake - manual
  • Libtool - manual
• Autoconf Intro
• GNU Autoconf, Automake and Libtool - [Online book]

Note that the following test frameworks are often used for Test Driven Development (TDD) and in Contiuous Integration (CI) implementations to provide a unit test infrastructure.

• C/C++:
  • CUnit
  • CppUnit unit test framework (also see the YoLinux CppUnit tutorial)
  • CppUnit2
  • Boost
  • GoogleTest - C++ Unit test framework with JUnit compatible XML output (YoLinux GoogleTest tutorial)
  • GoogleMock
• Java:
  • JUnit unit test framework (also see the YoLinux JUnit tutorial)
  • Mockito (Google code)
  • Jmock (mimic objects)
  • EasyMock (mimic objects)
  • MockEJB (mimic EJB container/server)
  Note that the "Mock" frameworks provide a mockup of classes which interface with the class being tested. This is required when unit testing a class which depends on other classes for its' own operation and function.

• FIT
• Slim (FIT clone but coded for better integration with FitNesse)
• FitNesse (Web/Wiki front-end to FIT and Slim)

• iOpus: iMacros - Automate Firefox
• Selenium - Web application testing system. Firefox plug-in
• Watir - Automate web browser for web testing

• Jenkins
  • Jenkins and C++
  • Jenkins and Java
• Cabie

Wikipedia list of unit testing frameworks

• Jenkins: MIT licensed, written in Java, runs in servlet container, supports CVS, Subversion, Ant, Maven, and shell scripts.
  YoLinux.com: Jenkins installation and configuration
• Cabie: Distributed and multiplatform build servers. (Perl, MySQL) Configured for use with Subversion, CVS or Perforce CM systems.
  YoLinux.com: Cabie installation and configuration
• Ansible: Tower (Red Hat) - command line and web
• BuildBot: Distributed and multi-platform build servers. (Python)
• Treeherder: (Mozilla.org project) Dashboard use with Mozilla build system
• NightWatch: Java build, JUnit test system (Perl)
• Cruise Control: Continous build system (build and test after each check-in) based on ANT, JUNIT, ... Plugins (triggers) for Subversion, Perforce and Clearcase.

Commercial:

• Atlassian: Bamboo - build, test, deploy
• Zutubi: Pulse
• Parabuild
• IBM/Rational BuildForge
• JetBrains: TeamCity - Web-based with IDE (IntelliJ IDEA, Eclipse, Microsoft Visual Studio) support.

• TRAC: Simple, web based, intuitive bug and change tracking. Has a good interface with Subversion. Click around and view a current project using TRAC.
• Tigris.org: Scarab - From the Subversion crew. Interfaces with Subversion CM revision control system. Data entry, queries, reports, notifications to interested parties, collaborative accumulation of comments, dependency tracking. Web based.
• Bugzilla - Database for bugs. Allows people to report bugs and assigns these bugs to the appropriate developers.
• GNATS - Utilities to formulate and administer a database of Problem Reports grouped by site-defined "problem categories." Organizes the large volume of email that flows between end users and software maintainers by defining a database made up of archived and indexed email messages.
• SeaPine.com: TestTrack Pro - Web based defect/bug tracker which integrates with Surround SCM, Visual SourceSafe, ClearCase, PVCS, Perforce, CVS, StarTeam, and SourceOffSite.
• IBM/Rational: ClearQuest - works with their Clearcase change management system. Commercial product. Client application and web interface.

• wxWidgets.org - GUI Toolkit to port MFC based applications to Linux
  • wxDevC++: IDE for wxWidgets
  • IBM: A step-by-step guide to using wxWindows
• XForms - GUI toolkit based on Xlib
• FFTW.org: Library for computing the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
• PETSc - The Portable, Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Computation
• Netlib.org - collection of mathematical software, papers, and databases.
• NAG.com: Numerical Algorithms Group - Commercial software components.
• NCBI: Tools for data mining - Genetic related
• TGS.com: Many 3-D graphics development tools - Commercial
• Voice/Speach:
  • University of Edinburgh: Centre for Speech Technology Research: VoiceXML
  • Festvox.org: CMU Speech Synthesis
• Kinesix.com: Sammi - Dynamic visualizations widgets for C++ and Java
• SL.com: Sherrill and Lubinski SL-GMS - Dynamic real-time visualizations widgets for C++ and Java

Cross Platform API's:

• GTK.org [Portable GUI] / Gnome developer center - Multi-platform toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces
• Apache Portable Runtime - C
• ACE - C++
• NSPR: NetScape Portable Runtime
• Yolinux: List of Cross platform GUI frameworks

• RPM.org: Docs, Building an RPM
• setup.sh - Shell script with built-in ./configure, make and make install.
• Makeself - Self extracting shell script archive
• Snarf - Web download (http, ftp, ...) and install
• Loki: Update Tool

• Running Red Hat 7.1 (glibc 2.2.2) but compiling for Red Hat 6.2 compatability.
  See RELEASE-NOTES
  

          export LD_ASSUME_KERNEL=2.2.5
          . /usr/i386-glibc21-linux/bin/i386-glibc21-linux-env.sh
      

• To add libraries to be included during dynamic linking, add the entry to the file /etc/ld.so.conf OR add the the library path to the environment variable LD_RUN_PATH.

  Sample: /etc/ld.so.conf

  /usr/X11R6/lib
  /usr/lib
  ...
  ..
  /usr/lib/sane
  /usr/lib/mysql
  /opt/lib
  

  Add the library path to this file and then execute the command ldconfig to configure the linker run-time bindings.
  You can use the "-f file-name" flag to reference another configuration file if you are developing for different environments. See man page for command ldconfig.

• To include the library during execution, add the library path to the environment variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH.
  (Linux/Solaris: LD_LIBRARY_PATH, SGI: LD_LIBRARYN32_PATH, AIX: LIBPATH, Mac OS X: DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH, HP-UX: SHLIB_PATH)

• Direct loader to preload a specific shared library before all others: export LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/libXXX.so.x; exec program
  Also see:
  • man page to: programming interface to the dynamic linking loader.
  • Linux function interception.

• Including a library in the compile statement: gcc src-file.c -lm -lpthread
  The libraries referenced in this example for inclusion during linking are the math library and the thread library. They are found in /usr/lib/libm.a and /usr/lib/libpthread.a.

  Note: The GNU compiler now has the command line option "-pthread" while older versions of the compiler specify the pthread library explicitly with "-lpthread". Thus now you are more likely to see gcc src-file.c -lm -pthread

• ld.so - a.out dynamic linker/loader

• Environment variable to highlight warnings, errors, etc: export CC="colorgcc"

• Linux distros and releases:
  

  Red Hat/Fedora	Kernel	Glibc Libraries	GCC
  FC 25 (2016)	4.8.6-300	glibc-2.24-3	6.2.1-2
  FC 24	4.5.5-300	glibc-2.23.1-7	6.1.1-2
  FC 23	4.2.3-300	glibc-2.22-3	5.1.1-4
  FC 22	4.0.4-301	glibc-2.21-5	5.1.1-1
  FC 4	2.6.11-1.1369	glibc-2.3.5-10	4.0.0-8
  FC 3	2.6.9-1.667	glibc-2.3.3-74	3.4.2-6
  FC 2	2.6.5-1	glibc-2.3.3-27	3.3.3-7/3.4.0
  FC 1	2.4.22-1.2115	glibc-2.3.2-101	3.3.2-1
  RH 9.0 (2003)	2.4.20-6	glibc-2.3.2-5	3.2.2
  RH 8.0		glibc-2.2.93	3.2
  RH 7.3 (2002)	2.4.18-3	glibc-2.2.5	2.96
  RH 7.2	2.4.20-28.7	glibc-2.2.4-33	2.96-112.7.2
  RH 7.1 (2001)	2.4.2-2	glibc-2.2.2-10	2.96-81
  RH 6.2		glibc-2.1.3	2.91
  RH 5.x (1998)	2.0.36-0.7	glibc-2.0	2.7.2.3-14
  RH 4.x		libc5
  Ubuntu	Kernel	Glibc Libraries	GCC
  16.04 (xenial)	4.4.0-21.37	2.23	5.3.1-1
  14.04 (trusty)	3.16.0	2.19	4.8.4-2
  12.04 (precise)	3.11.0	2.15	4.6.3

  RHEL	Kernel	Glibc Libraries	GCC
  RHEL7 (2014)	2.17-55	3.10.0-123	4.8.2-16
  RHEL6 (2010)	2.6.32-279	2.12-1	4.4.6
  RHEL5 (2007)	2.6.18-8	2.5-12	4.1.1-53
  RHEL4 (2005)	2.6.9-5	2.3.4-2	3.4.3-9
  RHEL3 (2003)	2.4.21-4	2.3.2-95.3	3.2.3-20
  CENTOS	Kernel	Glibc Libraries	GCC
  Centos7	2.17	3.10.0	4.8.2
  Centos6	2.6.32	2.12	4.4.6
  Centos5	2.6.18-8	2.5-12	4.1.1-53
  Centos4	2.6.9-22	2.3.4-2.13	3.4.4-2
  Centos3	2.4.21-37	2.3.2-95.37	3.2.3-53
  SuSE Pro	Kernel	Glibc Libraries	GCC
  10	2.6.13-15
  9.3	2.6.11	glibc-2.3.4-23	3.3.5-5
  9.2	2.6.8-24	glibc-2.3.3-118	3.3.4-11
  9.1	2.6.4-52	glibc-2.3.3-98	3.3.3-41
  9.0		glibc-2.3.2	3.3.1
  8.2		glibc-2.3.2	3.3
  8.1		glibc-2.2.5	3.2
  SuSE Enterprise	Kernel	Glibc Libraries	GCC
  9.0	2.6.5

• How to generate a library:
  • Compile: cc -c ctest1.c ctest2.c
  • Create library "ctest.a": ar -cvq ctest.a ctest1.o ctest2.o
  • List files in library: ar -t ctest.a
  • Using library: cc -o executable-name prog.c ctest.a
  • Example files:
    • ctest1.c

      ctest1(int *i)
      {
       *i=5;
      }
                  

    • ctest1.c

      ctest1(int *i)
      {
       *i=100;
      }
                  

    • prog.c

      #include <stdio.h>
      main()
      {
         int x;
         ctest1(&x);
         printf("Valx=%d\n",x);
      }
                  

  Historical note: After creating the library it was once necessary to run the command: ranlib ctest.a. This created a symbol table within the archive. Ranlib is now embedded into the "ar" command.

• How to generate a shared object: (Dynamically linked object library file.)

      gcc -fPIC -c *.c
      gcc -shared -Wl,-soname,libfoo.so.1 -o libfoo.so.1.0   *.o
      

  Notes:
  • Option -fPIC: Compiler directive to output position independent code suitable for dynamic linking.
  • Pass options to linker: -Wl.
    In this example the options to be passed on to the linker are: "-soname libfoo.so.1".
  • Option -shared: Produce a shared object which can then be linked with other objects to form an executable.
  • Option -o: Output of operation. In this case the name of the shared object to be output will be "libfoo.so.1.0
  Man Pages:
  • gcc - GNU C compiler
  • ld - The GNU Linker

• Unit test: Testing/Debugging C++ classes (this also applies to C functions)
  Create test main program which by default is not compiled. For debugging and test purposes have the main invoked with a compiler or makefile flag. Implementing this method allows the test program to always be available and in sync with the classes and/or functions within the file.
  See example C++ (ManageNumbers.cpp) program and test case main.
  • Regular compile: g++ -c ManageNumbers.cpp
  • Compile for test: g++ -DMAIN -c ManageNumbers.cpp
  Note: The GNU gcc group often uses the define flag "TEST".

  Create a target in the makefile for the unit test:

      ...
      testModule1: module1
             g++ -DMAIN -c ManageNumbers.cpp
      ...
      

  Also see unit test with CppUnit, a C++ Unit test framework

• Internationalization:
  • Message translation see GNU "gettext".
  • If available: ./configure --with-included-gettext
  • Internationalized packages usually have many `po/LL.po' files, where LL gives an ISO 639 two-letter code identifying the language. (i.e. environment variable LANG=en)
  • catgets:
    • ./configure --with-catgets
    • See man page for C function catgets
  • Language codes are NOT the same as the country codes given in ISO 3166.
  • See man page for C functions setlocale, charsets, unicode
  • International character sets: Unicode.org

• Editors:
  • Linux Text Editors
  • VI / VIM - Advanced editing - tutorial, tips and tricks
  • X-Emacs - Editing C++ code - Use, settings, code beautification
• GDB cheat sheet and command summary - GNU debugger
• Java Programming:
  • Java JUnit tests
  • Create and deploy Java WAR files
  • Java XML Beans - parsing XML
• C++ Programming:
  • C++ Coding standards, styles and practices - dOxygen, Hungarian notation, best practices, ...
  • Tips and Best Practices for Microsoft Visual C++ users (So they don't make ugly files and mess up your project.)
  • CppUnit - C++ Unit test framework
  • Data Types:
    • Use of structures and unions in C++ - Use of a constructor with a structure.
    • C / C++ Enumerations
  • ANSI/GNU C++ string class examples and tutorial
  • C++ Templates - template functions, classes and inheritance
  • C++ STL (Standard Template Library) - vector, list (example for Linked Lists)
    • Boost ptr_list vs STL list of pointers - examples and comparison.
    • STL MAP and multiMAP container class example - associative storage of key-value pairs.
  • Memory:
    • C / C++ Dynamic Memory Allocation - malloc/free, new/delete
    • C/C++ Memory Corruption And Memory Leaks - Pitfalls
  • Patterns:
    • C++ and the Singleton design pattern
  • Frameworks and API:
    • CORBA, OmniORB, C++ and remote services (client/server request)
    • Log4cxx C++ logging API
    • MySQL C programming API
    • SQLite and C/C++ - Embedded database - Command line interface and C/C++ API.
    • Programming web server CGI programs with C++ and the GNU CgiCC library
    • GNOME GTK+ Programming Tips and Tricks - Using the GTK+ cross platform GUI API to build an interactive application.
    • Threads:
      • POSIX Threads - make your code run faster and more scalable.
      • GNOME GDK Threads (g_threads) - Cross platform threads API.
    • XML:
      • XML DOM Parsing with Xerces-C (3.0.1) - (Older Xerces 2.7.0)
      • XmlBeansxx: XML to to C++ object. C++ auto code generation from XSD schema.
      • XML and parsing XML with Gnome libXML2
  • C/C++ Libraries:
    • Libraries (shared objects): static, shared and dynamically loadable
    • Fork, Exec and Process Control
    • Sockets programming
    • Signal Handling - C signal handling callbacks and C++ signal handling class
  • Mixing C/C++ and FORTRAN language subroutines
• Python Programming:
  • PyGTK: Python GUI Programming
• OpenLDAP C programming SDK Man Pages, RFC's and Links
• Change Management (CM) / Continuous Integration (CI):
  • Subversion:
    • Subversion command summary use and scripts
      • RabbitVCS: integrated SVN client for the Gnome Nautilus file browser
    • Subversion Server And Trac Server Installation and Integration
      (Wiki formatting)
    • Subversion repository transfer using svndumpfilter
  • IBM/Rational Clearcase:
    • Clearcase Client 6.0 Installation
    • Clearcase Server Installation
    • Clearcase commands
  • Subversion vs Clearcase comparison - Editorial
  • Git and Trac Server source code control - installation and integration.
  • CVS source code control - Track and manage a set of files and their revisions. Depricated. Use Subversion.
  • RCS source code control - Track and manage individual files and their revisions.
  • Trac Plugins
  • Trac-Agile plugin: Agilo - installation and use
• Continuous Integration (CI): (build servers)
  • Jenkins: distributed continuous or nightly build system - For use with Git, Subversion, CVS or Clearcase
  • Cabie: distributed continuous or nightly build system - For use with Subversion, CVS or Perforce

Links:

• Tigris.org - Open Source Software engineering, issue tracking and collaberation tools
  • ArgoUML - UML modeling tool
  • Subversion - Version control CVS replacement
    • Subversion / Trac server installation and configuration TUTORIAL
    • Subversion user TUTORIAL - commands
• ADAhome.com - ADA home page
• ManEdit - GUI tool for creating/editing man pages.
• Programming topics:
  • Design Patterns, Pattern Languages, and Frameworks for Middleware Applications
  • Secure programming HOWTO - by David A. Wheeler
  • Security:
    • BOON: Buffer Overflow detection

Books:

	"Advanced Linux Programming" by Mark Mitchell, Jeffrey Oldham, Alex Samuel, Jeffery Oldham ISBN # 0735710430, New Riders Good book for programmers who already know how to program and just need to know the Linux specifics. Covers a variety of Linux tools, libraries, API's and techniques. If you don't know how to program, start with a book on C.
	"Advanced UNIX Programming" Second Edition by Marc J. Rochkind ISBN # 0131411543, Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Series
	"Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment" First Edition by W. Richard Stevens ISBN # 0201563177, Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Series It is the C programmers guide to programming on the UNIX platform. This book is a must for any serious UNIX/Linux programmer. It covers all of the essential UNIX/Linux API's and techniques. This book starts where the basic C programming book leaves off. Great example code. This book travels with me to every job I go to.
	"Code Complete: A Practical Handbook of Software Construction" by Steve McConnell ISBN # 0735619670, Microsoft Press This book teaches coding style and maturity to programmers without. It is software lessons, guidance and experience in a book. It will make you a better programmer by teaching you how to code with style and grace.
	"UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1: Sockets Networking API" Third Edition by W. Richard Stevens, Bill Fenner, Andrew M. Rudoff, Richard W. Stevens ISBN # 0131411551, Addison-Wesley Pub Co; 3 edition (October 22, 2003) This book covers POSIX, IPv6, network APIs, sockets (elementary, advanced, routed, and raw), multicast, UDP, TCP, Threads, Streams, ioctl. In depth coverage of topics.
	"UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1: Networking APIs - Sockets and XTI" Second Edition by W. Richard Stevens ISBN # 013490012X, Prentice Hall PTR This book covers network APIs, sockets + XTI, multicast, UDP, TCP, ICMP, raw sockets, SNMP, MBONE. In depth coverage of topics.
	"UNIX Network Programming Volume 2: Interprocess Communications" by W. Richard Stevens ISBN # 0130810819, Prentice Hall PTR This book covers semaphores, threads, record locking, memory mapped I/O, message queues, RPC's, etc.
	"Advanced Unix Programming" by Warren W. Gay ISBN # 067231990X, Sams White Book Series This book covers all topics in general: files, directories, date/time, libraries, pipes, IPC, semaphores, shared memory, forked processes and I/O scheduling. The coverage is not as in depth as the previous two books (Stevens Vol 1 and 2)
	"Linux Programming Bible" by John Goerzen ISBN # 0764546570, Hungry Minds, Inc This covers the next step after "C" programming 101.
	"Gnome/Gtk+ Programming Bible" by Arthur Griffith ISBN # 0764546406, Hungry Minds, Inc Covers programming desktop GUI applications with the Gnome/Gtk+ GDK API.